Researcher Aamir What Is Perceptual Reasoning? Let me ask you a question: What’s a truer test of intelligence—reading and summarizing a dense, non-fiction book, or completing a 1,000-piece puzzle of a clear blue sky? In my practice, I’ve met countless people who would breeze through the puzzle but struggle with the book. And I’ve met just as …
Double-Blind Studies: The Gold Standard in Scientific Research In the vast landscape of scientific inquiry, proving the true impact of a treatment or intervention is a complex endeavor. We’ve previously discussed how easily unintended influences, like experimenter bias, can sway results. This inherent human element in research necessitates rigorous methodologies to ensure objectivity and reliability. …
The Unseen Influence: How Experimenter Bias Shapes Research Imagine a horse that could do math. In the early 1900s, a German high school teacher named Wilhelm von Osten believed animals’ intelligence was severely underestimated. He taught his horse, Hans, basic arithmetic. “Clever Hans,” as he became known, quickly mastered addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, tapping …
General Self Efficacy Scale Jerusalem and Schwarzer (1992) originally developed the German version of this scale, “has 20 items version and later reduced it to 10 items. The scale was developed to judge a general sense of perceived Self efficacy (Schwarzer, 1992). This scale has been validated in 14 cultures in both adolescent and adult …
Organizational Climate and Employee Turnover Questionnaire In today’s competitive landscape, employee retention is a top priority for every business. But before we can fix turnover, we need to understand its root cause: Organizational Climate. Organizational climate is the “feel” of a workplace—how people interact, how management treats staff, and whether the environment supports growth. Our …
Occupational Role Questionnaire Urdu The ORQ breaks down the experience of job pressure into six distinct categories of occupational stressors (originally based on research by McLean and refined by Osipow). Each category is measured by ten specific statements, allowing for a deep dive into how someone is feeling stressed. Here are the six key areas …
Psychological Well-Being Scale Urdu Version Psychological well-being was measured by two subscales of Anxiety Stress Questionnaire (House & Rizzo, 1972). The two subscales of somatic tension general fatigue were used to measure the possible outcomes in terms of feeling or physical symptoms growing out of stress at work. The Urdu version adapted and validated by …
Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) This was developed and validated by Foa (1995). This scale is basically screen out the presence of PTSD in patients. The time limit for the completion of this test is ten to fifteen minutes. Test items were selected for this test under Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV, (DSM-IV). Language of this …
The Emotional Development Scale Urdu Version, created by Afzal in 2000, assesses respondents’ emotional growth through six subscales: joy, anger, sadness, jealousy, curiosity, and fear. It consists of 34 statements rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with varying scores for positive and negative items reflecting self-perception.
The Perceived Family Support Scale Urdu Version, created by Aftab in 2000, consists of 30 items designed for assessing support perception in physically impaired children. It utilizes a 4-point Likert scale, with responses ranging from “never” (1) to “all the time” (4), based on a literature review.